Gender Differences In Perceptions Research Articles

Views on Gender Differences in the Physics Classroom

Concerns about the differences between boys and girls in educational achievement, school careers and educational choices have existed since the last century. Despite ongoing research, we still do not have a complete picture of gender-based differences in education. In particular, there is little comparative research on how teachers and students experience and deal with gender differences in their classrooms. Therefore, this study focuses on teacher and student perspectives on gender differences in the physics classroom of Dutch upper secondary education. The data were collected through questionnaires distributed among physics teachers (N = 72) and students (N = 212). The questionnaires for students and teachers were designed to reveal their perceptions of gender differences in the classroom, focusing on student learning characteristics and teacher–student interactions. Gender differences are reported to a larger extent by teachers than by students, especially in the area of students’ learning characteristics (e.g., boys showing more talent and interest in physics, girls showing more effort and self-regulation) and some in teacher–student interactions (e.g., girls asking teachers more questions). We conclude that concerns about differences between boys and girls are still present and need further research. More work is needed to fully understand the implications of these differences, which are expected to have an important impact on classroom interventions and guidelines for teachers to use in their classrooms.

Internal CSR Programs in the Context of a Financial Institution Operating in Nepal

This study investigates the internal corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of employees in commercial banks and explores the relationship between demographic factors and trust. Adopting a quantitative research design, data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to 40 employees representing various levels and departments within the banks. Purposive sampling was utilized, and ethical considerations were strictly followed. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were employed to examine the data. Results reveal gender differences in perceptions of company policies, with females generally showing higher agreement on aspects like career development and work-life balance. Married individuals also tended to perceive higher levels of agreement with company policies compared to unmarried counterparts. Moreover, age and years of service exhibited weak negative correlations with various policy aspects, suggesting limited influence on employee perceptions. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of tailored CSR practices to address diverse employee needs and preferences, irrespective of demographic factors. These insights can inform strategies to enhance employee engagement and organizational performance in commercial banks.

Examining the Impact of Quality Service on Customer Satisfaction in the Emerging Landscape of Online Clothing Retail in Nepal

Online clothing retailers, both domestic and international, offer a wide range of brands at affordable prices, catering to the preferences of the young generation. This study aims to examine the association and effect of quick delivery service, price quotations, and quality products and services with customer satisfaction in online clothing stores in Nepal. The study employed analytical research designs. The study targeted customers involved in online clothing shopping as the theoretical population. The 140 respondents were selected through snowball sampling. Primary data have been collected by using online questionnaire surveys. The study adopted descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, covariance, independent sample t-test, and inferential statistics such as correlation and regression to analyze and interpret the data. This study explored online clothing purchases, finding no significant gender differences in perceptions. Positive correlations between key variables, such as price quotations, quick delivery service, and quality products, suggested their impact on customer satisfaction. Regression analysis confirmed significant associations with customer satisfaction, emphasizing the primacy of product quality and service delivery except pricing. The study recommends prioritizing these factors to boost online clothing sales, highlighting their crucial influence on customer satisfaction in the digital retail landscape.

Elderly users’ perceptions of signage systems from tertiary hospitals in Guangzhou

Wayfinding in hospitals today is a significant challenge for urban residents, especially for the elderly. This study investigated the perceptions and attitudes of the elderly toward existing hospital signage systems to identify the wayfinding needs in the healthcare environment. This study collected 762 elderly participants' perceptions and personal preferences regarding 12 features of the existing signage systems in three hospitals in the Yuexiu, Haizhu, and Liwan districts of Guangzhou using a questionnaire methodology. The study further explored the differences in perceptions and preferences for signage based on the gender, age, and educational level of the elderly participants. The findings indicate that most of the elderly participants experienced becoming lost in the hospital; they typically chose to ask others for directions first, followed by using the signage system. Most of the elderly participants had positive attitudes toward the current hospital signage system. Furthermore, they emphasized the importance of the signage system's graphics, texts, colors, and updates, which directly affects the readability and comprehensibility of signs. We found gender differences in perceptions and attitudes toward signage; male participants had more positive attitudes toward the hospital signage systems than female participants. Additionally, consistent with previous findings, the older the age of participants, the less comprehension they had regarding signage graphic symbols. We also found that the more educated elderly participants were, the more understanding of signage they had. At the same time, however, they were less satisfied, which is possibly because the more educated they were, the more aware they were of signage issues.

Assessment of Gender Differences among Secondary School Students on Social Vices in the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja.

This study examined how secondary school students in Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory, perceived gender differences in social vices. The study used a mixed approach method. A sample of 300 respondents were drawn from both the senior and junior secondary school levels, and the population were all students attending secondary schools in the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja. Fifty respondents were chosen from each of the six secondary schools from which samples were drawn; however, ten individuals failed to return their questionnaires. The study’s schools and participants were chosen using simple stratified random sampling procedures. To gather data on social vices in secondary schools, a self-designed instrument was employed. A significance threshold of 0.05 was used to assess two hypotheses and three research questions. To address the research question, t-test statistics were employed, and two hypotheses were tested using mean, standard deviation, t-value, and p-value. The findings showed that students’ perceptions of social vices were comparable throughout the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Also, it demonstrated that while gender had no discernible impact on the social vices’ students committed, males were more likely than females to participate in certain categories of social vices. Additionally, the results showed that male students had a higher propensity than female students for aggressive social vices. To help students learn how to behave properly in and out of the classroom, it has recommended among other things that school administrators and other educational stakeholders organize seminars and workshops on the risk of social vices. Additionally, parents should be educated on how to properly care for and raise their children and dependents.

Gender Differences in Perception of Artificial Intelligence-Based Tools

Participation of girls in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) subjects at the higher education (HE) level continues to lag behind that of boys and consequently may affect artificial intelligence proliferation in Ghana. Numerous factors affect girls' engagement in science, one of which is the mistaken belief among girls that STEM subjects are better suited for boys. This study investigates the gender differences in AI-based tools which have become integral for teaching and learning in HE schools. Based on results from 128 students in higher education in Ghana, this article argues that gender is a significant determinant of students’ use of AI-based tools in education. The results further revealed a significant disparity in the overall levels of perceived innovation characteristics based on gender. This study urges managers of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to implement policies and measures aimed at facilitating women's engagement and greater familiarity with AI technologies.

INVESTOR BEHAVIOR AND RISK PERCEPTION: A GENDER PERSPECTIVE

Financial literacy is explained as the cognitive understanding of financial indicators and risk aversion, risk perception and investor behavior. Perhaps the investor behavior may vary depending on several factors such as gender, age, income level, social status, education etc. This research aims to highlight the effect of gender on financial market perception among Turkish investors. The outputs of two surveys the first for the last quarter of 2022 and the second for the first quarter of 2023, are analysed and compared. Therefore, two consecutive quarters are compared by gender for investment behaviors. This reserach observes some factors such as stress level, portfolio holding times, investment decisions and expectations regarding cryptocurrency markets. The methodology follows the Cronbach Alpha, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and ShapiroWilk Normality, and Mann-Whitney U tests respectively. The findings support gender differences in perception and investment behavior.

Perceptions of work-life balance and gender issues in private radiology in Australia.

Women comprise almost 30% of practising clinical radiologists in Australia. Despite three-quarters of clinical radiologists working in private practice, there is limited research regarding the experience of female radiologists in private practice and issues surrounding work-life balance. The primary aim of this study was to identify gender issues within private radiology and investigate work-life balance, focusing on issues relevant for female practitioners. Clinical radiologists working in private practice at five major Australian private radiology service providers were sent an email on behalf of the researchers, containing study information and a link to an online questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis and Fisher's exact test were used. Binary logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Responses to short-answer questions were analysed manually and grouped into themes. There were consistent gender differences in perceptions of gender and its implication upon working and career progression in radiology private practice. There was near unanimous agreement that private radiologists should be able to work flexible/reduced working hours for a proportionate decrease in pay. Two themes with distinct gender differences related to pay equity and transparency. Key themes relating to work-life balance for private radiologists included workload, setting boundaries and flexibility of work hours in private radiology. This preliminary survey highlights areas related to work-life balance and gender issues relevant for female practitioners in private practice radiology in Australia that can be targeted for further investigation and improvement, namely pay equity and transparency, and part-time leadership opportunities.

Attitudes toward the use of facemasks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Indian community

Background: The use of face masks by all community members for the prevention of COVID-19 infection is considered one of the most effective strategies. However, the use of masks by community members was influenced by many factors which affected its efficacy as a preventive measure. Aim: To evaluate the attitudes toward the use of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Indian community. Materials and Methods: We did an online survey with the help of a questionnaire which included information about demographic data, awareness and attitudes about COVID-19 infection and its preventive measures, and attitudes towards mask use in particular. Results: Participants had a positive attitude towards mask use. However, there were certain reasons for not using masks some of which were gender specific. Conclusion: People had good awareness and attitude towards mask use. However, some gender differences in perception of masks used in various settings should be addressed for future awareness and education of the community about mask use.

Gen-Z university students’ attitudes toward current global trends: environment, globalisation, immigration, feminism and capitalism

ABSTRACT Generation Z is characterised by being digitally native, socially conscious, and diverse. These values influence the way they learn, communicate and relate to the world. The present study aims to examine the attitudes of university students towards some emerging global trends, including environmental change, globalisation, immigration, feminism and capitalism. It involves a cross-sectional exploratory study to describe the attitudes of a group of 1,346 students belonging to Generation Z from a Spanish university. Most students are concerned about the environment and support policies to protect it. They also view globalisation and immigration positively. A specific critical view of the capitalist system, however, is reflected by more intermediate scores. There are also gender differences in perceptions of progress on feminism and criticism of the capitalist system. Men score higher on globalisation but less on immigration. There are two profiles among Gen-Z students: those with more positive attitudes towards immigration, feminism and a critical view of the capitalist system (Social Sciences, Health, Translation-RI, Philosophy-Theology students) and those with less positive attitudes (Business, Law and Engineering). These distinctions coincide with different fields of study. Overall, these results are important in enabling social psychologists and educators to understand better the values of their students.

Gender Differences in Perceptions of the Role of the Lecturer in Online Courses

Gender Differences in Perceptions of the Role of the Lecturer in Online Courses

Actual and perceived gender differences in virtual tumor board participation

IntroductionParticipant characteristics are known to affect group discourse and discussion outcomes. In medicine, many decisions are made by group consensus, therefore an understanding of these factors is highly relevant. We aimed to measure the effects of participant characteristics on tumor board discussions. MethodsWe performed a prospective, multi-institution, quantitative study of multi-disciplinary virtual tumor board meetings. Participant characteristics included age, gender, and clinical discipline. Outcomes of interest were speech events, duration, and discourse style. Participant impressions was assessed by a post-hoc survey. ResultsA total of 361 cases were discussed across 32 virtual meetings. Of the 283 attendees, 66.4 % were women, and all moderators were men. Women comprised 43 % of the 54 speakers, thus speaking less than male attendees (p < 0.001). No significant differences were detected in the duration or style of speech between men and women. Women participants commented more frequently on cases where the clinical attending was a woman (4.09 comments by women vs. 2.99 comments by men, p < 0.001), and less frequently when the attending was a man (2.48 comments by women vs. 3.20 comments by men, p < 0.001). On post hoc survey, men responded that they introduced ideas, guided discussions, and succeeded in influencing decisions significantly more than women reported that they did. ConclusionWomen physicians were underrepresented in tumor boards as moderators, speakers, and attendings of record. Women physicians commented less on men physicians' patients. Women felt less impactful than their men counterparts, despite having the same duration and style of speech. Prompted participation, moderator feedback, talking points, and limiting the number of cases can be used to balance representation in discussions.

Gender Differences in Perception of Dyspnea and Spirometric Abnormalities in Asthma

Asthma prevalence and severity have gender preference in various ages. In children, boys have an increased prevalence of asthma. In adults, women have an increased prevalence and severity of asthma. Sex hormones, genetic, and epige-netic variations, social, and envi-ronmental factors, and responses to asthma therapeutics are important factors that have an impact on the severity and response of symptoms.

Gender Differences in Perception of Gender Inequity in HCM Practices

Gender Differences in Perception of Gender Inequity in HCM Practices

Gender Differences in Civil Commitment Hearing Experience for Persons Who Use Opioids.

Civil commitment has increasingly served as a court-based legal intervention for severe opioid use, but little research has examined the civil commitment (CC) hearing process from the perspective of the person who is committed. Despite documented gender differences in opioid use and experiences within the legal system, past research has also not investigated gender differences in perceptions of the CC process for persons who use opioids. Participants were 121 persons (43% female) with opioid use who were interviewed upon arrival at the CC facility about their experience of the CC hearing process in Massachusetts. Two thirds of participants were taken to the commitment hearing by police, and 59.5% shared a cell with others while waiting. Overall, the commitment intake process at the courthouse took over 5 hours. Participants spent, on average, less than 15 minutes with their lawyer before the hearing, and a majority of CC hearings lasted less than 15 minutes. Once transferred to a CC facility, opioid withdrawal management began within 4 hours. Compared with women, men reported longer wait times between the hearing and transfer, as well as longer wait times for withdrawal management at the facility ( P < 0.05). Women perceived worse interactions with the judge and greater dissatisfaction with the commitment process compared with men ( P < 0.05). There were few gender differences in the experience of CC. However, overall, participants reported a lengthy court process and low levels of perceived procedural justice.

Characteristics of urban park recreation and health during early COVID-19 by on-site survey in Beijing

The positive health effects of green space have received increasing attention, however, on-site surveys and city-level research to reveal the relationship between urban park recreation and urbanite health in metropolitan areas during a post-pandemic period are lacking. We conducted an on-site survey using a questionnaire with 225 respondents from 22 urban parks distributed across the metropolitan area of Beijing during the early COVID-19 eased period with another 1346 respondents in 2021 to make verification. We identified factors that could influence public perceptions of park quality and human health (i.e., physical, mental, and social health) and revealed gender differences in perceptions of park characteristics. The correspondence pattern of perceived urban park quality with social health is distinct from that of physical and mental health. Due to the strict social distancing policy in early COVID-19 period, urban parks in different levels of urbanization environment could exert varied health effects.

Are men treated differently in clinical placements during nursing studies? A cross-sectional study.

To explore the perceptions of nursing students regarding the treatment of men in nursing during their clinical placement. Negative placement experiences of men who are nursing students is a risk factor for student attrition. Hence, exploring gender disparity in treatment during placement from both men and women studying nursing will contribute to improving student experience and reducing attrition. Survey capturing both quantitative and qualitative data. Nursing students were surveyed between July and September 2021 across 16 Schools of Nursing in Australia. In addition to the Clinical Learning Environment Inventory (CLEI-19), an open-ended question explored if men received different treatment during clinical placement. Those who expressed difference in treatment of men were less satisfied with their clinical learning experience (p < .001). Of the 486 (39.6%) who responded to the open-ended question, 152 (31%) indicated a difference in the treatment of men, reporting that men received: (a) better (39%); (b) different, not exclusively better or worse (19%); and (c) worse (42%) treatment from either the clinical facilitator or ward staff. While both men and women perceived gender differences in the treatment of men during placement, men were more likely to report worse treatment. Despite the advances achieved in recruiting men in nursing, negative experiences during clinical placement are characterised by stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination, adversely impact retention. Nurse educators need to recognise specific support students require during placement regardless of gender. Our findings reinforce the adverse impacts of inequitable treatment on both men and women nursing students on learning, clinical performance, morale and ultimately on retention in the nursing workforce. Addressing gender stereotyping and discrimination in the undergraduate nursing program is an important step in promoting diversity and inclusivity in the nursing workforce.

How do young generations perceive gender differences?: A case study

There is a difference between sex and gender. Just as sex expresses biological differences, gender also refers to the difference created in mutual relations in social life. Different factors feed the perception of gender socially. Therefore, some stereotypes have developed between both sexes against each other. How these stereotypes emerged in the z-generation living in the internet age has been shown in this study through the sample taken. For this, the students were asked how they approached some stereotypes about their gender and the opposite gender, and the results were compared. In the questionnaire, there are multiple-choice questions and Likert scale-type questions. The differences between the students' answers were revealed statistically, and it was also examined in the SPSS program whether there were significant differences. According to the results obtained, it was concluded that although these students made significant progress on gender stereotypes, they still carry stereotypes on some issues.

Gender Differences in Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Vascular Surgery Among Prospective Preclinical Medical Students

Women account for approximately 15% of the vascular surgery workforce, yet represent 50% of all medical school matriculants. Despite a focus on increasing diversity among vascular surgeons, gender disparities in vascular surgery persist. In order to encourage increased representation of women entering vascular specialties, efforts have been made at the national level to create programs for mentorship and leadership development; however, efforts to increase awareness of vascular surgery at early stages of training have been limited. We aimed to characterize the attitudes and perceptions of prospective female vascular trainees in the preclinical phase of medical school. A panel hosted virtually by the Vascular and Endovascular Surgical Society National Vascular Surgery Interest Group (VSIG) was held to introduce the field of vascular surgery to prospective medical students with limited exposure to vascular surgery. Attendees to this event were asked to complete an anonymous survey prior to the start of the panel. Student t test and χ2 test were used to compare survey responses by gender. Out of the 114 attendees, there were 52 responses to the survey. Women made up 48.1% of respondents and were first (44.0%) and second year (56.0%) medical students. There were a similar number of Asian and White respondents of both genders; however, there were fewer women who identified as Black or Hispanic as compared to men (8.0% vs 14.8%; P < .001) (Table I). A greater number of men were interested in vascular surgery as compared to women (48.1% vs 36.0%; P < .001) at the time of the survey; however, women were more likely to be interested in other surgical specialties (ENT, orthopedics, cardiothoracic surgery, ophthalmology) (Table I). Female respondents were significantly less interested in the 5+2 vascular surgery training paradigm as compared to male respondents (P = .012) (Table II). A greater percentage of women reported that they did not have a VSIG at their home institution (32.0% vs 14.8%; P < .001) (Table I). Female respondents had similar interest in integrated vascular surgery programs as male counterparts, but were less interested in the 5+2 training paradigm. With the expansion of integrated programs, students may be encouraged to commit to a specialty earlier in training; however, female respondents were less likely to have a VSIG to facilitate early introductions to vascular surgery. These results highlight the need for early recruitment strategies toward women and an increased focus on establishing VSIGs at institutions.Table IDemographics and perceptions of available National Vascular Surgery Interest Group (VSIG)Female (n = 25)Male (n = 27)P valueYear<.001 MS111 (44.0)12 (44.4) MS214 (56.0)7 (25.9) MS30 (0)5 (18.5) MS40 (0)2 (7.4) Other0 (0)1 (3.7)Program<.001 MD23 (92.0)26 (96.3) DO1 (4.0)0 (0) IMG1 (4.0)1 (3.7)Geographic location<.001 International2 (8.0)4 (14.8) Midwest8 (32.0)10 (37.0) Northeast6 (24.0)9 (33.3) South2 (8.0)1 (3.7) West7 (28.0)3 (11.1)Race<.001 White12 (48.0)12 (44.4) Black1 (4.0)2 (7.4) Asian10 (40.0)11 (40.7) Hispanic1 (4.0)2 (7.4) Other1 (4.0)0 (0)Specialty choice<.001 Cardiothoracic surgery2 (8.0)1 (3.7) Cardiology1 (4.0)2 (7.4) Emergency medicine0 (0)1 (3.7) ENT2 (8.0)0 (0) General surgery4 (16.0)6 (22.2) Internal medicine1 (4.0)1 (3.7) Interventional radiology0 (0)1 (3.7) Ophthalmology1 (4.0)0 (0) Orthopedic surgery1 (4.0)0 (0) Pediatrics0 (0)1 (3.7) Vascular surgery9 (36.0)13 (48.1) Undecided4 (16.0)1 (3.7)Active VSIG at home institution19 (76.0)13 (61.9)0.301VSIG was first introduction to vascular surgery?<.001 Yes11 (44.0)12 (44.4) No6 (24.0)11 (40.7) No VSIG available8 (32.0)4 (14.8)VSIG provides adequate information to gain exposure to vascular surgery?<.001 Yes12 (48.0)14 (51.9) No1 (4.0)4 (14.8) Neutral5 (20.0)5 (18.5) No VSIG available7 (28.0)4 (14.8)Values are number (5). Open table in a new tab Table IIAttitudes and perceptions toward vascular surgery (Likert scale format 0-5)Female (n = 25)Male (n = 27)P valueFamiliarity with vascular surgery3.04 (1.02)3.37 (1.18).287Interest in vascular surgery4.04 (0.79)3.96 (0.71).712Interest in applying integrated vascular surgery program3.52 (0.96)3.52 (1.31).996Interest in applying 5+2 vascular surgery program3.00 (0.96)3.22 (1.05).012Comfort with reaching out to possible mentors3.84 (0.90)3.96 (1.09).661Understanding of pathways to becoming a vascular surgeon3.28 (1.24)3.44 (1.58).68Understanding of avenues to get involved in vascular surgery2.63 (1.01)3.15 (1.38).133Understanding of typical work week of vascular surgeon2.38 (1.10)2.67 (1.14).358Value are mean (SD). Open table in a new tab

To invest or not to invest in sanitation: The role of intra-household gender differences in perceptions and bargaining power

We exploit novel data collected within a randomized controlled trial of a sanitation microcredit intervention to study how intra-household gender differences in perceptions of costs and benefits of sanitation impact investment decisions. We show that – as long as the wife is involved in household decision-making – the intra-household differences in perceptions we document influence borrowing and investments: uptake of the sanitation loan is higher among households where the wife has higher benefit perception, whereas successful conversion to a toilet depends on differences in monetary cost perceptions. The estimated effects are consistent with the predictions of a model of intra-household decision-making.